ontology.the concept of being

ONTOLOGY. THE CONCEPT OF BEING

AS BEING SUBJECT TO THE ONTOLOGY. Ontology is the study of being as such, ie, of being as it is being. Is not subject to the ontology to determine that this or that being is being, but of determining what makes this and that are entities. If we say that being is everything that is, we can ask what is that on Io that all authorities agree, what they have in common, what are their notes or common characteristics. Faced with this question, we answer that the entities, considered as entities, they only have one thing in common: being, all I can say to all, regardless of their variations, they are.

THE GENETIC CONCEPT OF BEING. We know how to rise to the notion of Being, by abstraction. In fact, we can proceed by abstracting each general characteristics: they serve. The being appears as the more abstract concept that man can be formed from concrete entities, the self is the abstract notion of being.



THE PROBLEM OF DEFINITION OF "SER." This feature of the concept of Being (which has a single property) constitutes the main obstacle to reaching a definition of that notion. In the rules of correct logical definition study that the definition should be made from the genus and specific difference, but this means that there are other concepts with which to compare the concept to define. We clearly see that a notion that has only one feature is the most general and therefore, logically speaking indefinable.



ASPECTS OF BEING. Hessen distinguishes between two aspects "are the nature of being": being there and being well. Hessen understand that being there, means that an entity is, that something is there, while being well, would be the logical corollary of being there.

This distinction is similar but not identical with the difference that the scholastics established between essence and existence, referring first to be content, while the second was the real presence of being.

THE GENERAL AND THE INDIVIDUAL. The first question that arises when we investigate the nature of the forms of the case, is whether there is a general be so. Hessen responds that in the realm of the ideal are to be rational consideration and general nature, such as being logical, mathematical, ethical value, for example. But also realize that in the sphere of reality, all are presented as individual beings, that is, as singular, unique and indivisible.

Obviously, this finding at the level of reality, leads to a problem, because we, well beings understand reality, do so under general concepts, such as genus and species. To reach the general concepts, we must start with something in the reality of things in support of the formation of such intelligence concepts, Hessen believes that this foundation is in the common characteristics of being well. We discovered then that the general concepts are universal in the mind, but on the basis of things.

The finite and the infinite. Another duality that appears to consider ways of being, is that between the finite and the infinite. All beings and are presented as limited, as finite, in that something is missing, as are nothing. Thus we see that there are many possible characteristics of being, but not all people agree as well.

Has been coined a concept that meets all of the potential of being, understood as a realization of all possibilities in intelligence, looks like, therefore, the notion of being infinite.

BEING REAL. The first way of being there is to be real, be understood as existing. It is considered that a real being is existent in three different ways:

a) to be immanent to consciousness, ie as a thinking, feeling, pain, etc.

b) being immanent-transcendent, ie a content of consciousness is caused by external causes, including a perception that while there is in consciousness, is caused by factors external to consciousness.

c) the transcendent, that is, the set of real factors that cause us to look, this is the real being independent of cognition.

BE THE IDEAL. Being perfect is the one who can not be accessed by experience, but only by consciousness itself. We can state, with Hessen, four characteristics are ideal:

a) To be perfect is beyond spatial relationship.

b) To be perfect is beyond any temporal relationship.

c) To be perfect is beyond causation.

d) Being ideal can not be grasped by the senses.

IDEAL WAYS OF BEING. Hessen offers three modes of being ideal:

a) The only logical, given in the form of content of thought.

b) Being a mathematician, which occurs in the laws and mathematical notions.

c) Being axiological, which is given in values.

ontologia.el concepto del ser

ONTOLOGIA. EL CONCEPTO DEL SER

EL SER COMO OBJETO DE LA ONTOLOGIA. La Ontología se ocupa del estudio del ente en cuanto tal, es decir, del ente en cuanto que es ente. No es objeto de la ontología determinar que ente es este o aquel ente, sino de la determi­nación de lo que hace que éste y aquél sean entes. Si afirmamos que ente es cada cosa que es, podemos preguntarnos qué es aquello en Io que todos los entes coinci­den, qué es lo que tienen en común, cuáles son sus notas o características comunes. Ante esa pregunta, podemos responder que los entes, considerados como entes, sólo tienen una característica en común: el ser; lo único que podemos decir de todos, independientemente de sus variaciones, es que SON.

LA NOCIÓN GENÉTICA DE SER. Sabemos cómo es que se origina la noción de Ser: por abstracción. En efecto, podemos proceder abstrayendo cada una de las características más general: la de ser. El ser aparece así como el concepto más abstracto que el hombre se puede formar a partir de los entes concretos; el ser es la noción abstracta del ente.



EL PROBLEMA DE LA DEFINICIÓN DE "SER". Esta característica de la noción de Ser (que tiene una sola característica) se constituye en el primer obs­táculo para llegar a una definición de esa noción. En las reglas de la correcta defini­ción lógica estudiamos que la definición debía hacerse a partir del género próximo y la diferencia específica; pero ello supone que existen otros conceptos con los cua­les comparar el concepto a definir. Vemos claramente que una noción que sólo tenga una característica es la más general posible y, por tanto, indefinible lógica­mente hablando.



LOS ASPECTOS DEL SER. Hessen distingue entre dos aspectos que "constituyen la naturaleza del ser": el ser ahí y el ser así. Entiende Hessen que el ser ahí, significa que un ente es, que algo es el ahí; mientras que el ser así, sería el correlato lógico del ser ahí.

Esta distinción es similar, aunque no idéntica a la diferencia que establecían los escolásticos entre esencia y existencia; refiriéndose la primera al contenido del ser, mientras la segunda se refería a la presencia real del ser.

LO GENERAL Y LO INDIVIDUAL. La primera pregunta que se presenta cuando investigamos la naturaleza de las formas del ser así, es la de si hay un ser así general. Hessen responde que en la esfera de lo ideal se presentan a la conside­ración racional serán así de naturaleza general, como el ser lógico, el matemático, el valor ético, por ejemplo. Pero, se da cuenta también de que en la esfera de lo real, todos los seres se presentan como individuales, esto es, como singulares, únicos e indivisibles.

Obviamente, esta constatación al nivel de lo real, nos lleva a un problema, pues nosotros, al comprender los seres así de la realidad, lo hacemos bajo conceptos ge­nerales, como los de género y especie. Para llegar a los conceptos generales, debemos partir de algo en la realidad en las cosas que fundamente la formación de esos con­ceptos la inteligencia; Hessen considera que ese fundamento está en las característi­cas comunes del ser así. Descubrimos, pues, que los conceptos generales son univer­sales en la mente, pero con fundamento en las cosas.

LO FINITO Y LO INFINITO. Otra dualidad que se presenta al considerar las formas del ser, es la existente entre lo finito y lo infinito. Todos los seres así se nos presentan como limitados, como finitos, en cuanto que algo les falta, en cuanto no son algo. Vemos, pues, que existen muchas características posibles del ser, pero que no coinciden en todos los seres así.

Se ha acuñado un concepto que reúna todas las características posibles del ser, que se entiende como una realización de todas las posibilidades en la inteligencia, aparece así, pues, la noción de ser infinito.

EL SER REAL. El primer modo de ser ahí es ser real, entendido como ser existente. Se considera que un ser real es existente de tres modos diversos:

a) el ser inmanente a la conciencia, es decir, como un pensamiento, un sen­timiento, un dolor, etc.

b) el ser inmanente-transcendente, es decir, es un contenido de conciencia originado por causas externas, como una percepción, que si bien se da den­tro de la conciencia, está causada por factores externos a la conciencia.

c) el ser trascendente, es decir, el conjunto de factores reales que provocan en nosotros una apariencia; se trata del ser real independientemente de la cognición.

EL SER IDEAL. El Ser ideal es aquel al que no puede accederse por la experiencia, sino sólo por la conciencia misma. Podemos enunciar, con Hessen, cua­tro características del ser ideal:

a) El ser ideal está fuera de toda relación espacial.

b) El ser ideal está fuera de toda relación temporal.

c) El ser ideal está fuera de toda relación causal.

d) El ser ideal no puede ser captado por los sentidos.

MODOS DEL SER IDEAL. Hessen propone tres modos del ser ideal:

a) El ser lógico, que se da en la forma del contenido del pensar.

b) El ser matemático, que se da en las leyes y nociones matemáticas.

c) El ser axiológico, que se da en los valores.

what i was

This is a reflection of the Past and believe That death is final, But It Is Only The Beginning.

image The story begins with the death of a young man who was very popular and well liked in town, his girlfriend came to the funeral and also get his mother (she had sex with the dead-) such as the bride and mother had several weeks of no hablarse.en the time everything seemed confused, until I bury a young man nobody knew, people will wonder if he knew the deceased and he answered most of what they believed and also told them that they were not sad the () the deceased had lived his life to the fullest and that its existence has been a reflection of his actions through his life, only had to remember, when I least I can but the darker see my reality, but could not be fully my life, picked up what was planted in my life, what hurts me is to hurt people who loved her, I hope you will forgive me once and I remember fondly, but I do not deserve to. This story begins with the death of a young Man Who was very popular and well liked in town, the funeral Also get His girlfriend and her mother Arriva (She Had sex with the dead-girlfriend) These Both as the mother HAD Several weeks of Not hablarse.en When Everything Seemed confused, until i bury a young man nobody Knew, people will wonder if I Knew the deceased and the answer More Than What They Believed And Also Told That They Were Not them sad () the deceased HAD Lived His Life to the fullest and STI Existence That Has Been a reflection of historical actions Through his life, only Had to remember, When I least I can see the dark But my reality, But I Could not Be Fully life, picked up my plants in What Was life, What hurts me is to hurt people That I wanted, I hope you ever forgive me and I remember fondly, But I Do Not Deserve to.

The image I wanted so much to each and lived so much time with each, which will always have a special field conmigo.la story begins two years ago when a new family comes to town, looked like a normal family, at first they were very reserved and not related to the family vecinos.esta consisted of two parents and five children (three women and two men, a man of 17 years, two 15years woman, three women of 11 years, 4 man of 7 years, 5 5mujer years). The Both loved Each and Lived so much time with each, Which Will Always Have a special field conmigo.la story begins two years ago eat When a new family to town, it looks like a normal family, at first were very reserved and Not related to vecinos.esta family consists of the two parents and five children (Three Women and two men, a man of 17 years, two 15years woman, Three Women of 11 years, 4 man of 7 years, 5 years 5mujer).

Gradually image related to their neighbors especially with a neighboring family, which consisted of two parents and two children (a 16 year old girl and a man of 13 years) and these intergrowth with the children of neighbors, but gradually the friendship grew, especially among children at particularly the elderly, the young man started to go to the same school as his girlfriend, soon ADACTO and began to be very popular.en everyone liked school much, for this young man's parents were right to visit the muchcha at her house, she was on that first visit to his mother that had 38 years old, a beautiful woman from the beginning was exchanged glances that read more a thousand words. the young man was very impressed with the mother of his girlfriend and this also seemed to stay with a good impression of it, to the point that she was upset a little because it seemed that not paid attention to it and a bit angry, I play the young tranquilizarla.miestras both young life is damaged, it was more and more, had many problems, parents were very strict with them, the father spent many hours working and when I got home it was only to scold their children, on the other hand, the mother became more strict with them, the eldest son thought he treated them as if they had mental retardation, so trying to spend as much time outdoors, going day and were on the rise as the young man visits the house of his girlfriend, the mother of this he became more affectionate with the young el.hasta came to fetch his bride to his house and was only the mother in the house and this will said her daughter would spend all day at the home of a friend and her husband was out of town, why do not spent a while in the home, the young man refused pricinpio, but due to the existence of it, step sat in the room and started to talk, she asked for his family, I try to talk as little as possible of family issues, she began to slowly seduce him, he was poniendoce more and more nervous, she tried to Carmen, retirement for a moment, he said he was going for a moment the room, the'm pretty nervous, when he returned she was very scantily clad, I take her hand and took it to the room and had sex, which ended showered together. Gradually Neighbors related to STIs in particular with a Neighboring family, Which consist of two parents and two children (a 16 year old girl and a man of 13 years) and These intergrowth with the Children of the Neighbors, But Was Gradually Growing friendship, Especially Among Children, in special for the elderly, the youth empezar to Attend the same school with his Girlfriend, and soon to be ADACTO popular.en empezar school very much appreciate everyone, for all that the girl's parents to visit the Were Right at home muchcha , She was on That first visit with her mother Who Was 38 years old, a beautiful woman from the Beginning There Was an exchange of glances That read more Than Thousand Words. the young man was very Impressed with the mother of his Girlfriend and this Also Seem to stay with a good impression of it, to the point That She Was a little upset Because It Seemed That Not Paid Attention to her and Became a little angry, I Played the young tranquilizarla.miestras Both young life is Damaged, Was it more and more, HAD many problems, such parents were very strict with them, the father Spent many hours working and when i got home Was it only to scold Their Children, on the Other hand, the mother Became more strict with them, the Eldest are Thought I Treated If They HAD them as mental retardation, so try to spend as much time Outside the house, and as the days pass Were visits on the rise of the young to His girlfriend's house, the mother of this I Became more affectionate with the young el.hasta to fetch His Bride Came to His House and Was Only the mother in the house and is Told That her daughter would spend all day at the home of a friend Was her husband and out of town, why do Not Spent a while in the home, the young man pricinpio Refused, But due to the Existence of it, the step sat in the room and started to talk, she Asked for His family, I try to talk as little as possible of family issues, she seduces Slowly Began to him, I Was Nervous poniendoce more and more, she Tried to Carmen, Retirement for a moment, I said I Was going for a moment the room, the'm Nervous pretty, When He Returned Scantily clad she was very, I take her hand and took him to the room and HAD sexual intercourse, Which Was completed showered together.

image I was about to leave the house the young man, when his girlfriend came home and was amazed to see her boyfriend, the girl's mother asked him what had happened, it was supposed to spend the day at home a friend told him that his friend had a family problem and that made her return home, the mother had so much sorrow and shame, he told his daughter that he would go home a few hours, then the young remain at alone with her boyfriend, she began to seduce the young and the () is said in his mind, God is not possible this is happening to me, first the mother and daughter now, reassured and told that everything had time please wait a tiempo.por other hand the girl's mother went to walk and meditate on what had happened, could not believe it had slept with the boyfriend of his daughter, when she was 21 years and also will fuel ifiel her husband, on the other hand felt good, from many years ago women did not feel like that day and believed to have feelings for this boy, from that day he realized he was going to be another mujer.por other hand Young's family life was worse each time, problems with parents and improve the relationship with his girlfriend remained well, but she insisted on having sex, which for several weeks after what happened with the mother, the boy had sex sex with the young, this was a difficult time for him, because he had sexual conctato) (both the bride and her mother, family problems and attention in school, he began to have problems, began to suffer from extres, tension and this will affect the other personas.esto conctato have led him to start abusing alcohol and drugs, were initially small amounts over time was more evident and both the bride and the mother of this, tried separately help, but every effort was useless, was getting more and more violent, until both the bride and her () mother left him, his life had become hell, we all had abandonado.la village life continued , until one morning every change and life in the village would never be the same, no one could believe what was happening, when she and her mother realized what had happened could not believe it, they had to bring a doctor for that treated, because they both took a tragic attacks nervios.esa allasco morning began with the dead boy's family (parents and four siblings) and appeared as the same as the main suspect in the early morning joven.muy (approximately at 6 am) a neighbor heard the dog making too much noise inside the house, addressed to it to see if all was well, look out the window and saw something was strange, knocked on the door several times and nobody answered block, then decided to call the police, this also touched upon arrival and no one opened the door, then you took the decision to force the door, Ingesan they found was grotesque, family murdered six members () and it appeared that the crime was committed by one of them the eldest son, was found in the room heavily drugged and also found a firearm. He Was about to leave the house the young man, When his Girlfriend Came home and Was amazed to see her boyfriend, the girl's mother Asked him What HAD Happened, Because supposed to spend the day at the home of a friend Told him That historical friend Had a family problem and That made her return home, the mother HAD so much sorrow and shame, I Told His Daughter That I would go home A Few Hours, Then The young stay alone with her boyfriend, she seduces the empezar to the young and () is said in His mind, God is not possible this is happening to me, the mother first and now the daughter, and reassured everything Told That Had Time, Please wait a tiempo.por Other Hand, the girl's mother went to walk and HAD meditate on What Happened, Could not believe it HAD slept with the boyfriend of bis daughter, When She Was 21 years and will fuel ifiel Also to her husband, on the Other Hand Felt good, from many years ago Women Did not feel like that day and Believed to Have feelings for this boy, from That Day I Realized I Was Going To Be Another Life elsewhere mujer.por Was Young's family Worse Each time, problems with parents and Improve the Relationship with his Girlfriend Remain well, But she insists on having sex, Which for What Happened After Several weeks with the mother, the boy HAD sex with the young, this Was a Difficult time for him, Because I HAD conctato sexual) (Both the bride and her mother, family and Attention Problems in School I Began to Have Problems, Began to Suffer from extres, tension and this will Affect The Other personas.esto conctato Have led him to start abusing alcohol and drugs, small Amounts Were Initially Was over time and more Evident Both the bride and the mother of this, Tried to help Every Effort Was Separate But useless, Was getting more and more violent, Until Both the bride and her () mother left him, His Life Become HAD hell, we all HAD abandonado.la life in the Village continues, Until one morning Every change and life in the village would never be the same, no one Could Believe What Was Happening, When she and her mother HAD Realized What Happened Could not believe it, They Had to bring a doctor to try the two not believe you Tragic Attacks Were Given a empezar nervios.esa allasco morning with the dead boy's family (parents and four siblings) and Appeared as the same as the main suspect in the early morning joven.muy (approximately 6:00 a.m.) at Heard neighbor making the dog too much noise inside the house, addressed to it to see if All was well, look out the window and saw something strange Was, knocked on the door Several times and not one answer, then you Decided to call the police, upon arrival is Touched Also, Open the door and nobody, Then you made the decision to force the door, They Found Was Ingesan grotesque, six Murdered family members () and the crime it Seemed That I made the Eldest Some of them are found in the room Was Heavily drugged And Also found a Firearm.

image soon broke the news that the boy had killed his family, quickly filled with police officers, journalists and curious, about two hours of talking made the police discovered the bag handcuffed the boy and put him in a patrol they were all shocked and wondered how this young man could come to this, both the bride and her mother, saw from a window of his house and could not creer.en that time the father of the bride of the young was at home and started to say that this young man from the beginning did not seem a good candidate for her daughter, both daughter and his wife stared at the master and separate the two thought that this was not possible, that this was not the boy I met and that with which they lived their romance was not able to perform this act so atroz.inmediatamente the police began the investigation, as the days went by the boy in jail, tried to remember what had happened, but that was more did not remember anything, I try to communicate with his girlfriend and the mother of this, to visit him in prison, neither wanted to go, is more and more depressed every time, thought that what he had done with his family, otherwise the bride and the mother began to have trouble and took the decision to go to the doctor, alone and without saying one to the other and both received the same response, were embarazadas.las two were impacted, could not believe it , spent several hours walking to cool off and get home and no one realized at the moment when the two were asked if anything happened to them, the two said no, then came Mr ('s father the girl and the woman's husband and the two stared at him intently, he believed he was still nerviorsos for what happened days ago, the killings () and asked them to reassure her, spent several days so the two could say what they spent ( who were pregnant). after several weeks of this occurred the police began to notice several strange facts showing that there was the possibility that another was the murderer, the police took the decision to begin studying from the outset the facts and tried to rebuild that again the scene of the crime, started by the fact the door was not forced, this indicated two things, one that could be a family member or any of them, secondly they were all killed in their beds, all bodies had several shots, this was the fore the question of whether the suspect was so high that no one hears noises, there was evidence that went to various parts of the first floor, went upstairs, went to the room murderer of his parents, on the way down a hallway where there were several tables with glass objects and porcelain () in the dark, where they bump into any object, entered into two more rooms, a murderer to his brothers and then went to his room, day of events, the first police on the scene did not report that the second floor of the house said it was all messy and said everything was in order. He soon released the news the young man HAD That Killed His family, filled with police officers Quickly, Journalists and curious, about two hours of talking made the police discovered the bag Handcuffed the boy and put him in a patrol Everyone Was how shocked and Wonderer Could this young man to eat this, BOTH the bride and her mother, saw from a window of historical house and creer.en That Time Could not the father of the young bride at home and started Was Say That this young man did From the Beginning Not seem a good candidate for her daughter, Both the daughter as His Wife Stood watching the master and Separate the two Thought That This Was not possible, That This Was Not the boy I Knew And That Which They Lived with Their romance Was Not Able to Perform this act so the police atroz.inmediatamente empezar the investigation, as the days went by the boy in jail, HAD Tried to Remember What Happened, But Was Not More Than remember anything, I try to Communicate With his girlfriend and the mother of this , to visit him in prison, Neither wanted to go, is more and more depressed Every Time, Thought That What I HAD done With his family, Moreover, the bride and the mother empezar to Have trouble and took the decision to go to the doctor , Without Saying alone and one to the Other and Both Received the same response, Were Were embarazadas.las two impacts, Could not believe it, Spent Several hours walking to cool off and get home and no one at the moment Realized When the two Were Asked if anything Happened to them, the two said no, Then Came Mr (the father of girl and the woman's husband and the two stared at him intently, I Believed He Was Still nerviorsos for What Happened days ago, the killings () and Asked them to reassure her, Spent Several Days So That They Both Could Say That Passed (pregnant). After Several weeks of this occurred to notice the police empezar Several strange facts Showing That the Possibility That There Was Another Was the murderer, the police took the Studying decision to begin from the Outset the facts and again That Tried to rebuild the scene of the crime, started by the Fact the door Was Not Forced, this Indicated Two Things, One That Could Be a family member or Any of them, secondly They Were Murdered in Their all beds, all teddies HAD Several shots, it made light the question of Whether the suspect high That Was So no one hears noises, There Was That evidence went to Various parts of the first floor, went upstairs, went to the Their parents murderer from room, way down a hallway Where There Were Several tables with glass and porcelain objects () in the dark, Where They bump Into Any object, go Into two more rooms, a murderer to His Brothers and Then went to His room , the Day events, the first police on the scene That Did not report the second floor of the house said Was it all messy and said everything was in order.

Now image that evidence indicated that something was wrong, otherwise he could never make a connection between the suspect and the murder weapon, then interviewed the families, friends and acquaintances of the young and in every interview, reached the same conclusion that was not capable of murder, who had clashed with them, but it was not to kill them. Pensare started a second suspect, I began to investigate all members of the family and their possible connections in order to rule out some known some of them had to do with the murder, spent several weeks and the prosecution will request a report the case to the police in order to present the formal accusation, the police contact the prosecution that could not be delivered because they were not sure that was the culprit, then ordered an order of release, but I'm late, when I get to jail, the suspect has already been suicidado.la news was disastrous for everyone, police, prosecution, family and friends, because I was in doubt whether it was or not, as could a life like that, ended that way, when news reached the ears of the young ex-girlfriend () as the mother of this, was devastor in that house, that the problem that could no longer hide the pregnancy of each of them, put them in a deep crisis nerviosa.la first to take the decision went to the young, this called his mother and told her problem, she was pregnant, the mother was shocked, could not believe it) (mother also told him that she was pregnant, he said he thought was her boyfriend because they had sex, when Mr realized that both his wife and his daughter were pregnant was perplexed and could not say anything. Since this evidence Indicated That something was wrong, on the Other Hand Could Never Make a Connection Between the suspect and the murder weapon, Then met with Families, friends and acquaintances of the young and in Every interview, Reach the same conclusion That Was not capable of murder, WHO HAD clashed with them, But It Was like to kill them. pensare started a second suspect, I Began to Investigate All Members of the Family and Their possible connections in order to rule out Some Known Some They Had to do with the murder, Spent Several weeks and the prosecution will request a case report to the police in order to present the formal Accusation, the police Informed him to the Court That I Could not surrender, Because They Were not sure That the Outside the culprit, Then ordered an order of release, but I'm late, When I get to jail, the suspect Already Been suicidado.la Was disastrous news for everyone, police, prosecution, family and friends, Because I Was in Doubt That If It Was or not, as Could a life like that, ended That way, When the news Reach the ears of the young ex-girlfriend () as the mother of this, That Was devastor in house, the Problem That Could no longer hide the pregnancy of Each of them, put them in a deep crisis nerviosa.la first went to take the decision to the young, this Called Told His mother and her problem, She was pregnant, the mother Was struck, NOT Could not believe the mother () Was Also Told him she pregnant, she said her boyfriend Thought Was Because They HAD sex, When Mr Realized Both That His Wife and His Daughter Was Were pregnant Could not perplexed and say nothing.

This image made them stay away, to the point that the girl was outside the house, so step two weeks to give police the body to his family, made him miestras testing and research on his suicide in jail until that the time of burial, was all the people, came as his ex-girlfriend and mother of this, came a young man who nobody knew and was something that changed the course of the investigacion.primeramente conto, brother of the late (by the ) father also said his father never wanted to admit it, loy her mother grew up, I work very hard to educate and that some months ago his brother had muerto.que () I search for the deceased, told him it was the only family I knew he was the son of his father, and this made many friends told him about his problems with his family, the relationship with his girlfriend and the mother of this (he knew that the deceased had sex with both) of problems with alcohol, also have that) (the deceased was cleaved to see a psychiatrist, also asserted that the day was with el.este facts is the story that he made to the police ', about 1145 am was in his apartment with his girlfriend when he received a call from his brother, could not hear well, I felt bad, I ask him where he was and he said at a party with some friends, I ask the address and directed by dse, accompanied by his girlfriend, where he arrived on, at about 12.50am, was picked up, led him to take a coffee and see if they recover, to come home a little better, arrived at two in the morning, left on the front of the house, because did not want his father would, turned on the car and left, seconds later repented and returned when it was approaching the house and saw that someone was helping him to enter the house and entered through the back door, then headed to his home with his girlfriend and later that day he realized what sucedido.la police began to investigate this young man to discard or confirm suspicion This made them stay away, to the point That the girl Was Outside the house, so step two weeks to Give Police the body to His family, made him miestras testing and historical research on suicide in jail until i get the time of burial, Was all the people, as meat His ex-girlfriend and mother of this, Man Who Came to young and nobody Knew That Was something changed the course of the investigacion.primeramente conto, the brother of deceased by the parent () Also said her father never wanted to ADMIT That His mother loy Grew Up, I work very hard to educate and That Some months ago muerto.que His brother HAD () I search for the deceased, Told him That was the only family That I Knew He Was the son of His Father, and this made Told him many friends about Problems with bis bis family, The Relationship With his girlfriend and the mother of this (I Knew That the deceased HAD sex with two), the Alcohol Problems, Also Have that) (the deceased Was cleaved to see a psychiatrist , Also the day assert That Was with facts el.este That is the story I made to the police ', At approximately 11:45 a.m. Was In His apartment with his Girlfriend When He Received a call from His brother, Could not hear well, I Felt bad, I ask him Where He Was and I said at a party with some friends, I ask the address and Directed by dse, What Accompanied by his Girlfriend, Where I've Arrived on, at about 12.50am, Was picked up, led him to take a coffee and see if They recover, to come home a little better, Arrived at two in the morning, They left on the front of the house, Because His Father Did not want would, turn on the car and left, seconds Later repented and Return When It Was Approaching the house and saw That Was someone helping him get to house and Entered Through the back door, Then headed home to historical and later with his Girlfriend That Day I Realized What sucedido.la police to Investigate this empezar young man to discard or confirm Suspicion

image after thoroughly investigated initially dismissed as a suspect in the murder, apparently had no grounds, had already surpassed his father's abandonment, had a good relationship with his brother and confirmed in the apartment buildings yregreso departure times of Young and his girlfriend, his story is fairly clung to what they have, in a second interview with the police told them that he believed that helped to enter the house to his brother, was the murderer, the police asked him why he thought that, and he told her that first she thought he was helping his father, but ruled it out after they asked for, first, because let my brother in front of the door principal.lo more logical is that if someone in the house I had seen, had gone out the door, it was closed () and afterwards because getting through the back door, he believed the suspect's brother () because less noise into the back door, and if someone heard noises would think that one family member was looking for something in the kitchen, finally it was your father who was helping his brother, the most logical co fame that had catacter) (your entire family was awakened by the screams of Mr. scolding your child, this restless policias.continuo much to the child by telling his brother, as was the relationship with her parents and siblings half-siblings (), this told them what was going to tell them from the point of view of his brother and it was not his point of view, it was only what told his brother, because he never lived or shared with the family of his hermano.que were very strict with them, always sent their best schools, clubs, tennis (), but still required them to be the best, second mother were always in meetings with her friends, the father was in business meetings, had little time at home, and when they were was to demand to be the mejores.y I end the funeral of the young, it seemed that everything was over it was the end of the story After researching dry thoroughly, Initially Dismissed as a suspect in the murder, HAD Apparently no grounds, HAD Already Passed the abandonment of His Father, HAD a good Relationship with His brother and confirmed in the apartment buildings Scheduled departure of the young yregreso and His girlfriend, historical story clung What is Fairly counter, in a second interview with the police Told them That I Believed That Help to enter the house to historical brother, Was the murderer, the police Asked him why I Thought That, and I Told her first Believed That He Was His Father helping, But They Ruled it out after-Asked for, first, Because let my brother in front of the main door. what more logical Is That if someone Within the home as Have Seen, HAD left the front door, It Was Close () and Afterwards Because getting-through the back door, I Believe the suspect's brother () Because less noise Into the back door, and Anyone would think if I Heard That noises Any member of the family Was looking for something in the kitchen, finally it Was Your father helping Who Was His brother, the most logical co catacter fame That HAD) (your family Entire Was Awakened by the cries of Mrs. Reagan historical are restless this policias.continuo lot to Tell By His Brother's childhood, as Was The Relationship of Their parents with siblings half-siblings (), this Told them What Was Going to Tell them from the point of view of His brother and It Was not his point of view, Which Was Told Exclusively His brother, Because I Never Lived or shared with the family of historical hermano.que were very strict with them, They Always sent to the best schools, tennis clubs ()

the organization

THE ORGANIZATION








What are the reasons for the varying degrees of satisfaction an individual derives from its contribution to the objectives of the organization. even if the attitudes, aspirations and capabilities of individuals change, to evolve as organizations through diversification, the fusion and natural growth, these fundamental questions remain the same.

more restricted field of organizational behavior, they focus on everything from the point of view of the following disciplines'. "

A) industrial and organizational psychology

B) industrial sociology

C) social psychology

Wt preserving the different factors by these currents of thought and research, behavioral science, applied to organizations seeking to go beyond to explore the following ways.



1) at the level of motivation
highlights a relatively new concept humanas.aqui needs referred to, in particular the hierarchy of needs humanas.aqui referred to, in particular the hierarchy of needs of Abraham Maslow, and a conception of the person as self-realized human being.

2) in the plane of philosophy
An alternative to the authoritarian philosophy based on a negative conception of hombre.aqui alluded to the theory of McGregor which emphasizes that the conception of an individual susceptible to self-management and self-control.

3) at the level of participation in the management
participation in the management uses the set of abilities or skills of individuals and refers to decisions that really concern the workers from the base, as they affect the nature and organization of their own work.

4) at the level of professional supervision style
the evolution of research and reflection in this area supports the idea that there is no ideal way of professional supervision, but many styles adapted to the characteristics of different administrative status.


5) in the reassessment of work plan
to counteract the fragmentation of labor movement and its loss of meaning, the current behavior''organizacional''propone the concept of quality of life at work, highlighting impantacion conception and new forms of organization of work, such as vertical enrichment of tasks and the creation of semiautonomous groups.

6) in terms of a global vision of the organizations intregrada
organizations are discussed from the viewpoint of social and technical system, which allows better capture the impact of technology on the script of the organizations and the behavior of individuals and groups within them.

in our society often happens that the''old''(all who have over 40 years)''complain about the following terminos''ellos jovenes''en mock authority in all its forms, ridiculing to religion and the church, rejected the marriage and family, I have horror of work and effort, do not even know the meaning of the word sacrifice, devotion, savings, prayer, courtesy, sin and obedience, patiotismo., does not think but in themselves, in their pleasures, their friends.
This litany could also be summarized as follows, 'the youth do not have the mismos''valores''que old, being the old () much mejores.como clearly suggested by the above example, a value is a deep conviction and relatively stable in terms of superiodad a mode of conduct or a goal in life.''behavior by mode Delas things,''means the common ways to behave with people and things, 'work hard, show jovial and enjoyable, help others, love, obey, to forgive, show courage, competence, self control, honesty,''etc.los goals of life,''on the contrary are situations or states to be achieved, 'a comfortable life or stimulating an atmosphere of peace and beauty, freedom, equality, pleasure, security, friendship, health of the soul, freedom of action or thought, happiness, etc. All these behaviors and objectives can considerarse''superiores''porque are advantageous for the individual if (''you have to sacrifice if you want to succeed in life because they contribute to'') (common good if you want to avoid anarchy in society, every citizen duty to obey the laws and respect authority'').
for the administrator, an employee empleado''motivado''es really want to make your job the best way possible and Quelo demonstrated by their efforts, their collaboration, their puantualidad, their dedication, motivation etc.estetipo of two aspects, It's a purely psychological aspect that we can not directly observe (desire, intention, the will to do good) a purely psychological and that we can not directly observe (desire, intention, the will to do well) and on a more concrete and easily observable (effort) in all its forms. for the psychologist, the palabra''motivacion''adquiere a much broader sense and being laughed at all human jam is needed for guiding a target and which are voluntary, ie they are purely automatic as some reflections pupila.los knee and psychologists try to explain a more precise way, because an individual does something rather than do nothing, because it makes instead of B, by performing certain acts with great intensity and with very little, because it accomplishes or leaves cualquiera.aunque activity motivation in work, is our main interest, of course we should pay attention to the phenomenon of motivation in general, since the former is but a specific aspect of the segunda.de very general way, the fundamental process of motivation is the following.''due to an unmet need (eg the need for food) an individual experiences some tension, some discomfort) (hunger, prompting to do something (rising from his chair and walk to the refrigedador), in order to achieve some goal to eat half ham () which satisfies the need, reduces the tension and return the individual to its starting point the chair (), until the cycle begins again.

classification of human needs

1) fisiologicas.tener needs sex, eating, sleeping, breathing, exercise, rest, shelter, clothing.

2 security requirements)
be reasonably protected from the threats and dangers present and future, to live without fear, in a protective environment, safe, orderly, structured, predictable and non-threatening (,,) insecure, have a philosophy or a religion that give meaning to allow things and events.



3) the needs of belonging and love
give and receive affection, friendship, love, and enriching intimate contact with friends, a spouse, parent, child, part of cohesive groups in which one anchas''un sienta''a their club, team, colleagues , a clan, a tribe, a gang, not to be alone, refused, strange, forgotten.


4) esteem needs
which is divided into two blocks
A)-esteem by itself
the need to love yourself, to enorgullercerse of what is and what is done, the need to tell you the strong, competent, regardless of whether others, capable The coping the world and life, able to accomplish what is undertaken .
B)-esteem for others
the need to be respected and admired by others, the need to have a certain prestige, a reputation, a high social status, the need to be congratulated appreciated, recognized.





5) realization needs
use and develop our full potential and all our talents, to become everything that one is capable of becoming, to draw on all elements of our personality,''intelligence, imagination, different aptitudes and abilities, physical abilities and other, grow better where possible.



the hierarchy of needs
1)''human beings are motivated by a desire''to meet their needs, is what impels him to act.

2) a satisfied need is not a source or a motivational factor.

3 () when a particular need of this serious insatifecha primary), occupies a prominent place and makes us forget the rest, the man who is starving,''not think more than that,''

4) the individual whose needs were unmet, would be motivated first and only () for domestic needs, according to the order they appear.

5) a lower need must be relatively satisfied before the overriding need in the hierarchy it becomes a leading and motivating force.

6) the satisfaction of a need to lower or eliminate a driving motivator, but it opens the way for other needs that gradually takes) (automatic but instead as a source of motivation.


There is a form of mockery that has long circulated among development practitioners and organizations can be broadly summarized as follows,''whatever the organization in which you intend to participate, regardless the formula you use to get these same datos''despues a thorough analysis of your organization, we diagnose the following problems-''falta planning, poor communications and many complain of a mismatch between the authority and responsibilities ie who wish to have more authority in order to cope with the responsibilities.



within the limits of psychology and sociology, the concept of role is essential to study the functioning of grupos.un role is a set of behaviors and attitudes directly related to the fact a seat on a organizacion.cualquiera be the person occupying a position, behaves in certain ways and who plays related to their puesto.de fact, the main function of the role is to ensure the predictability of the behaviors, in addition, without the existence of roles, social life both as group life would impensable.seria anarchy, chaos.
the role differentiation is an important mechanism in the functioning of a group, yet is limitativo.es may not conform to expectations of others in some cases and resist the roles they apparently want us to attribute, but do not mimizan bequeathed effort that often occurs that observation point are como''yo leave this company because the weather is insostenible''o even,''I like working in that department because the atmosphere is wonderful.''phrases auque EASA often describe the state of interpersonal relationships in an organization or a unit of that organization, it is likely that many other factors come into play to create a''clima''bueno or bad, pay policies or promotion, the division of the power to make decisions between departments and between hierarchical levels, the nature of work, physical conditions, such as noise or heat, etc..
seems that the organizational climate is a multidimensional concept that is composed of many facets or elements such as personality (eg).
Among the other features of the organizational climate, we must also mention the following weather A) if an organization or department to change their ways, usually retains permanencia''no cierto''aire of change every day, not even every month, confiere''personalidad''determinada to the organization and distinguishes it from the other fairly stable (this is also valid for an individual personalidad''de'').
B) auque the climate of an organization describe some features of this objective and examiners, we must not forget that these characteristics are described by individuals who are mostly members of the organization, it is a phenomenon of''perception'' contodos the damage that is assumed.




C) it is generally admitted that the perception of the employees have exercised a considerable influence on their attitudes, "the firm decision to leave or stay, level of performance, quality of work, numbers of complaints, examines the etc.si climate of an organization, it is not interlectual or scientific curiosity.

from tri-fold those elements define the organizational climate as a set of objective and relatively permanent features of the organization, described as perceived by members of the organization, which serve to give it some personality to the organization and influence the behavior and in the attitudes of members.
must be admitted, however, that this definition oculta''muchos''difficult problems that deserve closer attention.

organizations are presented as complex systems of coordinated and differentiated activities, compliance with which involves collaboration between individuals and groups towards the accomplishment of objectives''precisos.esta necesaria''es collaboration more difficult to obtain and maintain as individuals and groups at different hierarchical levels, adhere to schedules of values and pursuing goals that are not always compatible with the organization.
a diagnosis of this type, together with those defining the criticisms of the great organization led many managers to correct the situation evidencing a multitude of specific actions, "improved communications, decision making, implementation of a style of liderasgo more appropriate to administrative status, plan of division of profits, restructuring of work, appreciation of the yield figure, career plan, etc.

los objetivos

LA ORGANIZACION




ROGER ALBERTO INFANTE MENDEZ




¿cuales son las razones que explican el mayor o menor grado de satisfacion que el individuo obtiene de su contribucion a los objetivos de la organizacion. aun cuando las actitudes,las aspiraciones y las capacidades de los individuos cambian,a un cuando las organizaciones evolucionan por medio de la diversificacion,la fusion y el crecimiento natural,estas interrogantes fundamentales siguen siendo las mismas.

en el campo mas restringido del comportamiento organizacional,estas se enfocan sobre todo desde el punto de vista de las siguientes disciplinas'.'

A}la psicologia industrial y organizacional

B}la sociologia industrial

C}la psicologia social

conservando los distintos factores indentificados por estas corrientes de reflexion y de investigacion,las ciencias del comportamiento,aplicadas a las organizaciones,buscan ir mas alla al explorar los caminos siguientes.



1}en el plano de la motivacion
se destaca un concepto relativamente nuevo de las necesidades humanas.aqui nos referimos,en particular, a la jerarquia de las necesidades humanas.aqui nos referimos,en particular,a la jerarquia de las necesidades de ABRAHAM MASLOW,y a una concepcion de la persona como ser humano que se autorrealiza.

2}en el plano de la filosofia
se propone una alternativa a la filosofia autoritarista basada en una concepcion negativa del hombre.aqui aludimos a la teoria de mcgregor que que hace enfasis en la concepcion de un individuo susceptible a la autogestion y al autocontrol.

3}en el plano de la participacion en la gestion
la participacion en la gestion recurre al conjunto de capacidades o habilidades de los individuos y se refiere a las decisiones que realmente conciernen a los trabajadores de la base,ya que afectan la naturaleza y la organizacion de su propio trabajo.

4}en el plano del estilo de supervicion
la evolucion de la investigacion y de la reflexion en este campo apoya la idea de que no hay estilo de supervicion ideal,sino muchos estilos adaptados a las caracteristicas de las distintas situaciones administrativas.


5}en el plano de revalorizacion del trabajo
para contrarrestar el movimiento de fragmentacion del trabajo y de su perdida de significado,la corriente de ''comportamiento organizacional''propone el concepto de calidad de la vida en el trabajo,poniendo en relieve la concepcion y la impantacion de nuevas formas de organizacion del trabajo,tales como el enriquecimiento vertical de las tareas y la creacion de grupos semiautonomos.

6}en el plano de una vision global intregrada de las organizaciones
las organizaciones se enfocan desde el punto de vista de un sistema social y tecnico,lo que permite captar mejor el impacto de una tecnologia sobre la estrutura de las organizaciones y sobre el comportamiento de los individuos y de los grupos que las componen.

en nuestra sociedad a menudo ocurre que los ''viejos''{todos los que tienen mas de 40 años}se quejan de los ''jovenes''en los siguientes terminos''ellos se burlan de la autoridad en todas sus formas,ridiculizan a la religion y a la iglesia,rechazan el matrimonio y la familia,le tienen horror al trabajo y al esfuerzo,ni siquiera conoce el sentido de las palabras sacrificio,devocion,ahorro,oracion,cortesia,pecado,obediencia,patiotismo.,no piensan sino en si mismos,en de sus placeres,en sus amigos.
esta letania podria resumirse tambien de la siguiente forma,'los jovenes no tienen los mismos''valores''que los viejos,siendo los de los viejos{evidentemente} mucho mejores.como lo sugiere el ejemplo anterior,un valor es una conviccion profunda y relativamente estable en cuanto a la superiodad de un modo de conducta o de un objetivo de vida.''por modo delas cosas conducta'',se entiende las maneras habituales de comportarse con la gente y las cosas,'trabajar duro,mostrarse jovial y agradable,ayudar a los demas,amar,obedecer,perdonar,mostrar valentia,competencia,control de si mismo,honestidad,etc.los''objetivos de la vida'',por el contrario son situaciones o estados que se pretenden alcanzar,'una vida confortable o estimulante un ambiente de paz o belleza,la libertad,la igualdad,el placer,la seguridad,la amistad,la salud del alma,la libertad de acciones o pensamiento,la felicidad,etc.todos esos comportamientos y objetivos pueden considerarse''superiores''porque son ventajosos para el individuo en si{''hay que sacrificarse si se quiere tener exito en la vida''}porque contribuyen al bien comun{si se quiere evitar la anarquia en la sociedad,cada ciudadano deber obeder las leyes y respetar la autoridad''}.
para el administrador,un empleado''motivado''es un empleado que realmente desea realizar su trabajo de la mejor manera posible y quelo demuestra por sus esfuerzos,su colaboracion,su puantualidad,su dedicacion,etc.estetipo de motivacion comprende dos aspectos,'un aspecto puramente psicologico que no podemos observar de manera directa{el deseo,la intencion,la voluntad de hacer el bien}y un aspecto puramente psicologico que no podemos observar de manera directa{el deseo,la intencion,la voluntad de hacer el bien}y un aspecto mas concreto y facilmente observable{el esfuerzo en todas sus formas}.para el psicologo,la palabra''motivacion''adquiere un sentido muchos mas amplio ya que se riere a todos los compotamientos humanos que se precisa por orientan a un objetivo y que son voluntarios,es decir que son puramente automaticos como algunos reflejos de la rodilla y de la pupila.los psicologos tratan de explicar de manera mas precisa,porque un individuo hace algo en lugar de no hace nada,porque hace A en lugar de B,por que realiza con gran intensidad algunos actos y otros con muy poca,porque lleva a cabo o abandona una actividad cualquiera.aunque la motivacion en el trabajo-constituye nuestro interes principal,evidentemente deberiamos prestar atencion al fenomeno de la motivacion en general,puesto que la primera no es mas que un aspecto especifico de la segunda.de manera muy general,el proceso fundamental de la motivacion es el siguiente.''a causa de una necesidad insatisfecha{ v.g. la necesidad de alimento}un individuo experimenta cierta tension,cierta incomodidad{el hambre},lo que impulsa a hacer algo{levantarse de su sillon y caminar hasta el refrigedador},con el fin de alcanzar algun objetivo{comer medio jamon cocido},el cual satisface la necesidad,disminuye la tension y devuelve al individuo a su punto de partida{el sillon},hasta que el ciclo vuelva a comenzar.

clasificacion de las necesidades humanas

1}las necesidades fisiologicas.tener relaciones sexuales,comer,dormir,respirar,hacer ejercicio,descanzar,alojarse,vestirse.

2}las necesidades de seguridad
sentirse razonablemente protegido de las amenazas y los peligros actuales y futuros,vivir sin miedo,en un ambiente protector,seguro,ordenado,estructurado, previsible{y no amenazador,,inseguro},tener una filosofia o una religion que permita darle un significado a las cosas y eventos.



3}las necesidades de pertenencia y del amor
dar y recibir afecto,amistad,amor,tener contactos intimos y enriquecedores con amigos,un conyuge,padres,hijos,formar parte de grupos cohesivos en que uno se sienta''a sus anchas''un club,un equipo,colegas de trabajo,un clan,una tribu,una pandilla,no quedar solo,rechazado,estraño,olvidado.


4}las necesidades de estima
que se divide en dos bloques
A}estima de si mismo por si mismo
la necesidad de quererse a si mismo,de enorgullercerse de lo que es y de lo que se hace,la necesidad de sertirse fuerte,competente,indepediente de los demas,capaz de enfretar el mundo y la vida,capaz de lograr lo que se emprende.
B}estima de si mismo por los demas
la necesidad de ser respetado y admirado por los demas,la necesidad de tener cierto prestigio,una buena reputacion,un status social elevado,la necesidad de ser felicitado apreciado,reconocido.





5}las necesidades de realizacion
utilizar y desarrollar todo nuestro potencial y todos nuestro talentos,convertirse en todo lo que se es capaz de convertirse,echar mano de todos los elementos de nuestra personalidad,''inteligencia,imaginacion,diversas aptitudes y habilidades,capacidades fisicas y otras,crecer mejorar en lo posible.



la jerarquia de las necesidades
1}el ser humano es'' motivado'' por el deseo de satisfacer sus necesidades,es lo que lo impulse actuar.

2 }una necesidad satisfecha no constituye una fuente o un factor de motivacion.

3}cuando una necesidad{sobre todo una de primarias}esta gravamente insatifecha,ocupa un lugar preponderante y hace olvidar las demas,el hombre que se muere de hambre no ''piensa mas que en eso''

4}el individuo cuyas necesidades estuvieran insatisfechas,seria motivado primero{y unicamente}por las necesidades interiores segun el orden en que aparecen.

5}una necesidad inferior debe estar relativamente satisfecha antes que la necesidad superior a ella en la jerarquia se convierte en una fuerza preponderante y motivadora.

6}la satisfaccion de una necesidad inferior,elimina un elemento motor o motivador,pero abre la via a otra necesidad que toma{automatica aunque gradualmente}su lugar como fuente de motivacion.


existe una forma de burla que durante mucho tiempo ha circulado entre especialistas en desarrollo de las organizaciones y que puede,grosso modo,resumir de la siguiente manera,''cualquiera que sea la organizacion en que usted tiene la intencion de participar,cualquiera que sea la formula que usted utilizo para obtener esos mismos datos''despues de un analisis exhaustivo de su organizacion,hemos diagnostico los problemas siguientes-''falta de planificacion,comunicaciones deficientes y muchos se quejan de una inadecuacion entre la autoridad y las responsabilidades es decir que desean tener mas autoridad con el fin de hacerle frente a las responsabilidades que tienen.



en los limites de la psicologia y la sociologia,el concepto del rol es fundamentalen el estudio del funcionamiento de los grupos.un rol es una serie de comportamientos y de actitudes directamente vinculados al hecho de ocupar un puesto en una organizacion.cualquiera que sea la persona que ocupa un puesto,se comporta de tal o cual manera y que desempeña el papel relacionado con su puesto.de hecho,la funcion principal del rol es la de asegurar la predictibilidad de los comportamientos,,ademas,sin la existencia de roles,tanto la vida en sociedad,como la vida en grupo seria impensable.seria la anarquia,el caos.
el rol es un mecanismo de diferenciacion importante en el funcionamiento de un grupo,pero a la vez es limitativo.es posible no conformase a las expectativas de otros en algunos casos y resistir a los papeles que aparentemente se nos quieren atribuir,pero no hay que mimizar el esfuerzo que eso exige.a menudo ocurre que se hacen observacines como''yo deje esta empresa porque el clima es insostenible''o incluso,''me gusta trabajar en ese departamento porque la atmosfera es formidable''.auque easa frases describen muchas veces el estado de las relaciones interpersonales en una organizacion o en una unidad de esa organizacion,es de suponer que muchos otros factores entran en juego para crear un ''clima''bueno o malo,las politicas de remuneracion o de promocion,la reparticion del poder para tomar decisiones entre departamentos y entre niveles jerarquicos,la naturaleza del trabajo,las condiciones fisicas,tales como el ruido o el calor,etc.
pareciera que el clima organizacional es concepto multidimensional,es decir compuesto por muchas facetas o elementos{como la personalidad por ejemplo}.
entre las otras caracteristicas del clima organizacional, tambien hay que mencionar las siguientes A}aunque el clima de una organizacion o departamento pueda cambiar de distintas maneras,conserva por lo general cierto''aire de permanencia''no cambia todos los dias,ni siquiera todos los meses,confiere''personalidad''determinada a la organizacion y la distingue de las demas de manera bastante estable{esto es valido igualmente para la ''personalidad''de un individuo}.
B}auque el clima de una organizacion describa algunas caracteristicas objetivas y obsevables de esta,no hay que olvidar que dichas caracteristicas son descritas por los individuos que en su mayoria son miembros de la organizacion ,se trata de un fenomeno de ''percepcion''contodos los perjuicios que eso se supone.




C}en general se admite que la percepcion del clima que tienen los empleados ejerce una influencia considerable en sus actitudes,'decision de dejar la empresa o quedarse,nivel de rendimiento,calidad de trabajo,numeros de quejas,etc.si se estudia el clima de una organizacion,no es por simple curiosidad interlectual o cientifica.

a partir de esos elementos se puden definir el clima organizacional como un conjunto de caracteristicas objetivas y relativamente permanentes de la organizacion,descritas tal como las perciben los miembros de la organizacion,que sirven para darla cierta personalidad a la organizacion e influyen en el comportamiento y en las actitudes de los miembros.
hay que admitir,sin embargo que esta definicion ''oculta''muchos problemas dificiles que merecen una atencion mas detenida.

las organizaciones se presentan como sistemas complejos de actividades coordinadas y diferenciadas, cuyo cumplimiento supone la colaboracion entre individuos y grupos con miras a la realizacion de objetivos precisos.esta ''colaboracion necesaria''es tanto mas dificil de obtener y mantener cuanto que los individuos y los grupos,en los diferentes niveles jerarquicos,se adhieren a esquemas de valores y persiguen objetivos que no siempre son compatibles con la organizacion.
un diagnostico de este tipo,sumado a los que establecen las criticas de la gran organizacion impulsaron a numerosos directivos a corregir la situacion poniendo en relieve una multidud de acciones especificas,'mejoramiento de las comunicaciones,de la toma de decisiones,implantacion de un estilo de liderasgo mas apropiado a la situaciones administrativas,plan de division de las ganancias,reestructuracion de las tareas,apreciacion del redimiento,plan de carrera,etc.

señora mia

Señora mía

Señora mía perdone si he venido...
mas no se lo que me pasa
las ganas de hablarle que ahora tengo
han sido como fuego aquí dentro

Señora mía si usted no me aceptara
dormir yo ya no podría
yo se que no es momento
pero usted debe saber
que en mi mirar supiera
cuantas veces la he tenido
y en mis sueños la veía aquí a mi lado
de noche yo miraba a través de su ventana
imaginaba todo mas no pregunte nada...

Se ruboriza
si solo he venido a decirle dos palabras
si es mucho me merezco desconfianza
si usted me diera al menos una esperanza

Señora mía yo vivo aquí enfrente
en la misma calle suya
mas antes que me vaya
yo le debo hacer saber

Señora mía supiera cuantas veces la he soñado
y en mis sueños la veía aquí a mi lado
de noche yo miraba a través de su ventana
imaginaba todo no me pregunte nada

Señora mía supiera cuantas veces la he tenido
y en mis sueños la veía aquí a mi lado

jardin prohibido

ESTA TARDE VENGO TRISTE Y TENGO QUE DECIRTE,
QUE TU MEJOR AMIGA HA ESTADO ENTRE MIS BRAZOS.
SUS OJOS ME LLAMABAN PIDIENDO MIS CARICIAS,
SU CUERPO ME ROGABA QUE LE DIERA VIDA.

COMÍ DEL FRUTO PROHIBIDO,
DEJANDO EL VESTIDO COLGADO
DE NUESTRA INCONSCIENCIA.
MI CUERPO FUE GOZO DURANTE UN MINUTO,
MI MENTE LLORABA TU AUSENCIA.

NO LO VOLVERÉ A HACER MÁS, NO LO VOLVERÉ A HACER MÁS.
PUES MI ALMA VOLABA A TU LADO Y MIS OJOS
DECÍAN CANSADOS QUE ERAS TÚ, QUE ERES TÚ,
QUE SIEMPRE ESA ERAS TÚ.

LO SIENTO MUCHO, LA VIDA ES ASÍ.
NO LA HE INVENTADO YO.

SI EL PLACER ME HA MIRADO A LOS OJOS
Y COGIDO POR MANO YO ME HE DEJADO LLEVAR POR MI CUERPO,
Y ME HE COMPORTADO COMO UN SER HUMANO.

LO SIENTO MUCHO, LA VIDA ES ASÍ,
NO LA HE INVENTADO YO.

SUS BESOS NO ME PERMITIERON REPETIR TU NOMBRE,
Y EL SUYO SÍ,
POR ESO CUANDO LA ABRAZABA ME ACORDÉ DE TÍ.

COMÍ DEL FRUTO PROHIBIDO
DEJANDO EL VESTIDO COLGADO
DE NUESTRA INCONSCIENCIA.

MI CUERPO FUE GOZO DURANTE UN MINUTO,
MI MENTE LLORABA TU AUSENCIA.

NO LO VOLVERÉ A HACER MÁS, NO LO VOLVERÉ A HACER MÁS.
PUES MI ALMA VOLABA A TU LADO Y MIS OJOS
DECÍAN CANSADOS QUE ERAS TÚ, QUE ERES TÚ,
QUE SIEMPRE ESA ERAS TÚ.

LO SIENTO MUCHO, LA VIDA ES ASÍ.
NO LA HE INVENTADO YO.
SI EL PLACER ME HA MIRADO A LOS OJOS
Y COGIDO POR MANO YO ME HE DEJADO LLEVAR POR MI CUERPO,
Y ME HE COMPORTADO COMO UN SER HUMANO.

LO SIENTO MUCHO, LA VIDA ES ASÍ,
NO LA HE INVENTADO YO.